There are many styles used to present reports and to list the references you have used in the preparation of your assignment.
The Harvard or author-date system is one system. At MUFY you are required to use the Harvard system as it is outlined in this Style Guide. The Oxford or footnoting system is another form of referencing that you may use at university.
Every research task should be accompanied by a bibliography, or Reference List, if you have used resources to assist you to find information for your work.
When writing assignments ask these questions:
Are these my own ideas or someone else’s ideas?
If someone else’s, I must acknowledge this.
Have I written six or more words in the exact sequence they appear in someone else’s work?
If so, it is a quotation.
Can I add authority to my work by indicating where the information comes from?
If yes, include a reference to where the supporting information is found.
When compiling a bibliography, remember that Google is not a web site. It is a search engine that finds information on the Web for you. Do not include Google in your bibliography.
General Information about IN-TEXT REFERENCES
Quotations
Quotations are used to acknowledge the work or ideas of other people. You must acknowledge other sources to avoid plagiarism and so that others can further explore the ideas you are presenting.
A quotation is followed by a reference to the source
A short quotation is incorporated into your own sentence using quotation marks
A longer quotation is placed as a separate paragraph and indented from your own work without using quotation marks
Indirect quotes are those which are paraphrased from the original into your own words and perhaps summarise the ideas of the author.
In the Harvard or Author-Date system, footnotes are not used, but a short reference, called an IN-TEXT REFERENCE, to the author and date of the publication is made in the assignment immediately after the reference to the resource from where the information came.
General rules
The author’s surname and date of publication are listed in brackets immediately after the reference is made. Eg, (Sweeney, 2011)
Page numbers must be given if a direct quotation is made.
Write the quotation inside “quotation marks” if it is directly taken from another source.
Use … if you have missed out some words from the original quotation.
Insert a word inside [] if you have added that to make a quotation read more fluently if you have left out part’s of a sentence.
Examples:
“In Melbourne,…ducklings… [are the] cause of about half the city’s wildlife emergency calls throughout spring.” (Osman-Chin, 2008, p19)
If the author’s name is integrated into your writing, you only need to place the date in the brackets.
eg. In her article about wildlife in Melbourne, Rachael Osman-Chin refers to copper head snakes as being less adventurous than other snakes. (2008)
If there is no author, a brief title description is used.
eg. Effective learning spaces (2005) is a useful resource for schools about to embark on the redesign of classrooms and libraries.
If the same author is responsible for a number of books or articles, the letter a, b, c, etc is added to the date to distinguish between publications.
eg. (La Marca, 2005a)
Reference List A reference list or bibliography is attached at the end of the assignment that shows the reader the full information about the sources referred to in your assignment. It is arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s last name, or by title if there is no author listed. This is referred to as End-text referencing.,It should be a single list of allprint and non print resources you have used to prepare your assignment or essay. Do not create separate lists for books and websites.
Print resources
As a general guide, your end-text references for print resources will include the following:
Author - Last name, first name or initial. Date of publication – from the verso (page after the title page) Title – as listed on the title page, not the front cover of the book Publisher Place of publication – choose one, the Australian place if listed.
Author’s last name, First Name or Initial. Date. Title. Publisher’s name, Place of publication.
Books
One author: Chambers. Aidan. 1983. Introducing books to children. Longman, Melbourne.
Two or three authors: Kernan, Brian and Bloggs, Freda. 1995. Effective learning spaces. Random House, Sydney.
Four or more authors: Wilks, Suzie and others. 1998. Changing rooms. Hodder, Sydney.
Article in a Journal or Newspaper
Include the author, if given, the title of the article, the title of the newspaper, the full date and the page number on which the article appeared.
Field, Melissa. 2008. Costume changeSunday Herald Sun magazine, 10 February p12-15.
Encyclopedia (print version)
Include the title of the article, the year the encyclopedia was published, the title of the encyclopedia, the publisher of the encyclopedia and the place where it was published.
Olympic Games 2009. World book encyclopedia, Vol 12. World Book, Chicago.
Non-Print Resources
As a general guide, your end-text references should include:
Author – may be an individual or a company (eg. Melbourne Water) Date of creation or last update – check at the bottom of the home page for the date the page was last updated or a copyright date. Title – of the webpage [Medium] – could be Internet site, Podcast, Video, CD, DVD, CD ROM, poster URL – the address of the website. NOT GOOGLE (Date accessed) – the date you used the website or resource.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name or initial. Date of Publication. Title [Medium]. URL (Date you used)
Include the title of the article (list the author if it is given first). The year of publication. The title of the journal, the full date and the page the article appeared in the original journal. Title of the database, the medium, the URL and the date you used the article.
Closing in on Ebola. 2009. The Age , 3 October, p18 in Digital Age,[online database] __www.ffx.libraryedition.com.au__(23 February 2011)
Bond, S J. 2001. When they built the ship Titanic. Time International, 2 January, p20-3 in Electric Library [online database] __http://www.elibrary.com.au/edcuation__ (23 February 2011)
Online image (eg located from searching on Google Images or similar)
The Harvard or author-date system is one system.
At MUFY you are required to use the Harvard system as it is outlined in this Style Guide. The Oxford or footnoting system is another form of referencing that you may use at university.
Every research task should be accompanied by a bibliography, or Reference List, if you have used resources to assist you to find information for your work.
When writing assignments ask these questions:
- Are these my own ideas or someone else’s ideas?
If someone else’s, I must acknowledge this.- Have I written six or more words in the exact sequence they appear in someone else’s work?
If so, it is a quotation.- Can I add authority to my work by indicating where the information comes from?
If yes, include a reference to where the supporting information is found.When compiling a bibliography, remember that Google is not a web site. It is a search engine that finds information on the Web for you. Do not include Google in your bibliography.
General Information about IN-TEXT REFERENCES
Quotations
Quotations are used to acknowledge the work or ideas of other people. You must acknowledge other sources to avoid plagiarism and so that others can further explore the ideas you are presenting.
In the Harvard or Author-Date system, footnotes are not used, but a short reference, called an IN-TEXT REFERENCE, to the author and date of the publication is made in the assignment immediately after the reference to the resource from where the information came.
General rules
Examples:
“In Melbourne,…ducklings… [are the] cause of about half the city’s wildlife emergency calls throughout spring.” (Osman-Chin, 2008, p19)
eg.
In her article about wildlife in Melbourne, Rachael Osman-Chin refers to copper head snakes as being less adventurous than other snakes. (2008)
- If there is no author, a brief title description is used.
eg.Effective learning spaces (2005) is a useful resource for schools about to embark on the redesign of classrooms and libraries.
eg.
(La Marca, 2005a)
Reference List
A reference list or bibliography is attached at the end of the assignment that shows the reader the full information about the sources referred to in your assignment. It is arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s last name, or by title if there is no author listed. This is referred to as End-text referencing.,It should be a single list of all print and non print resources you have used to prepare your assignment or essay. Do not create separate lists for books and websites.
Print resources
As a general guide, your end-text references for print resources will include the following:
Author - Last name, first name or initial.
Date of publication – from the verso (page after the title page)
Title – as listed on the title page, not the front cover of the book
Publisher
Place of publication – choose one, the Australian place if listed.
Author’s last name, First Name or Initial. Date. Title. Publisher’s name, Place of publication.
Books
One author:
Chambers. Aidan. 1983. Introducing books to children. Longman, Melbourne.
Two or three authors:
Kernan, Brian and Bloggs, Freda. 1995. Effective learning spaces. Random House, Sydney.
Four or more authors:
Wilks, Suzie and others. 1998. Changing rooms. Hodder, Sydney.
Article in a Journal or Newspaper
Include the author, if given, the title of the article, the title of the newspaper, the full date and the page number on which the article appeared.
Field, Melissa. 2008. Costume change Sunday Herald Sun magazine, 10 February p12-15.
Encyclopedia (print version)
Include the title of the article, the year the encyclopedia was published, the title of the encyclopedia, the publisher of the encyclopedia and the place where it was published.
Olympic Games 2009. World book encyclopedia, Vol 12. World Book, Chicago.
Non-Print Resources
As a general guide, your end-text references should include:
Author – may be an individual or a company (eg. Melbourne Water)
Date of creation or last update – check at the bottom of the home page for the date the page was last updated or a copyright date.
Title – of the webpage
[Medium] – could be Internet site, Podcast, Video, CD, DVD, CD ROM, poster
URL – the address of the website. NOT GOOGLE
(Date accessed) – the date you used the website or resource.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name or initial. Date of Publication. Title [Medium]. URL (Date you used)
Internet - Website
ASICS: sound mind, sound body. 2008 [internet] __www.ascic.com.au/technology__ (10 Feb 2008)
Article from Wiki such as Wikipedia
List under the title of the entry, the year of last edit, the title of the wiki, the full date, URL and the date you viewed the article.
Ebola. 2006. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia,[wiki] last edited 15.58, 20 October.__http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola__ (20 October 2006)
Document from an online database (eg Digital Age)
Include the title of the article (list the author if it is given first). The year of publication. The title of the journal, the full date and the page the article appeared in the original journal. Title of the database, the medium, the URL and the date you used the article.
Closing in on Ebola. 2009. The Age , 3 October, p18 in Digital Age,[online database] __www.ffx.libraryedition.com.au__(23 February 2011)
Bond, S J. 2001. When they built the ship Titanic. Time International, 2 January, p20-3 in Electric Library [online database] __http://www.elibrary.com.au/edcuation__ (23 February 2011)
Online image (eg located from searching on Google Images or similar)
Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 1997. Martian terrain [online picture] NASA. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/tiff/PIA00610.tif (2 July 2010)
Online Video clip
O’Mera, S. 2000. Lava flows. Movies of Mount Etna [online video clip], Volcano world [internet].__http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/movies/night_flow.mov__ (23 February 2011)
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